Directory of Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Resources

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• 18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/18thGerman-preKant/
  Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.

• Abstract Objects

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/
  Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.

• Action

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/
  Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.

• Actualism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualism/
  The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.

• Adorno, Theodor

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
  Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.

• Aesthetic Judgment

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/
  Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.

• Alan M. Turing

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/
  Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.

• Albert of Saxony

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-saxony/
  Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.

• Alcmaeon

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/
  Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.

• Alfred North Whitehead

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whitehead/
  By A. D. Irvine.

• Analysis

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/
  The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.

• Ancient Skepticism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/
  Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.

• Animal Consciousness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/
  By Colin Allen of Texas A&M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.

• Archytas

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/
  Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.

• Aristotle's Ethics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/
  Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.

• Aristotle's Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/
  Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.

• Aristotle's Metaphysics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/
  Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.

• Aristotle's Political Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/
  By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.

• Aristotle's Psychology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/
  Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.

• Aristotle's Rhetoric

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/
  Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.

• Arthur Prior

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prior/
  Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.

• Arthur Schopenhauer

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/
  Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.

• Artifact

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artifact/
  By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.

• Automated Reasoning

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-automated/
  Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.

• Baruch Spinoza

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/
  Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.

• Bayes' Theorem

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem/
  Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.

• Bayesian Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/
  Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.

• Behaviorism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
  By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.

• Being and Becoming in Modern Physics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
  Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.

• Benjamin Peirce

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/
  Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.

• Biodiversity

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/
  Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.

• Biological Altruism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/
  Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.

• Bosanquet, Bernard

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bosanquet/
  William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.

• Bradley, F. H.

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bradley/
  By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.

• Brentano's Theory of Judgement

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/
  Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.

• Bruno Bauer

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bauer/
  Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.

• Category Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/
  Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.

• Causal Processes

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-process/
  Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.

• Charles Hartshorne

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshorne/
  Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.

• Charles Sanders Peirce

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
  Life and work of 19th century American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.

• Church-Turing Thesis

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/
  Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.

• Classical Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
  Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.

• Cognitive Science

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitive-science/
  The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.

• Coherence Theory of Truth

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-coherence/
  The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.

• Collapse Theories

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-collapse/
  Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.

• Color

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/color/
  Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.

• Confucius

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
  The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educator; by Jeffrey Riegel.

• Connectionism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/connectionism/
  Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.

• Consciousness and Intentionality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-intentionality/
  Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.

• Consequentialism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/
  The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.

• Constitutionalism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitutionalism/
  Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.

• Constructive Mathematics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-constructive/
  By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.

• Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/
  By Fred D'Agostino.

• Contractarianism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/
  By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.

• Conventionality of Simultaneity

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
  By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.

• Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-30s/
  Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.

• Cosmopolitanism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/
  The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.

• Counterfactual Theories of Causation

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/
  Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.

• Curry's Paradox

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-paradox/
  Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.

• Dante Alighieri

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/
  Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.

• David Hume

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
  Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.

• Death

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/
  Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.

• Deflationary Theory of Truth

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-deflationary/
  According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.

• Descartes' Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/
  By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

• Descartes' Modal Metaphysics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/
  Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.

• Descartes' Ontological Argument

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
  Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.

• Desert

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
  Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.

• Determinates vs. Determinables

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinate-determinables/
  A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.

• Dialetheism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/
  Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.

• Disjunction

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/disjunction/
  Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.

• Distributive Justice

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
  By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.

• Divine Illumination

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/
  Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.

• Doing vs. Allowing Harm

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/
  Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.

• Donald Davidson

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson/
  Jeff Malpas of the University of Tasmania.

• Egalitarianism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
  The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.

• Eliminative Materialism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/
  The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.

• Environmental Ethics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
  Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.

• Epiphenomenalism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epiphenomenalism/
  Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.

• Episteme and Techne

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
  Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.

• Epistemological Problems of Perception

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/
  Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.

• Equality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
  Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.

• Events

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/
  Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.

• Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/
  Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.

• Evolutionary Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/
  Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms

• Existence

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/
  By Barry Miller.

• Experiments in Physics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
  By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.

• Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology
  By Elizabeth Anderson.

• Feminist Ethics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/
  By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.

• Feminist History of Philosophy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/
  Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.

• Feminist Perspectives on the Self

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-self/
  By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.

• Finitism in Geometry

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-finitism/
  Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.

• Folk Psychology as a Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-theory/
  By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.

• Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-simulation/
  By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.

• Formal Learning Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/learning-formal/
  Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.

• Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/
  Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.

• Francis of Marchia

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia/
  Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.

• Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-theorem/
  By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.

• Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleiermacher/
  Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.

• Friedrich Nietzsche

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/
  Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.

• Fuzzy Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/
  Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.

• Game Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/game-theory/
  Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.

• George Santayana

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayana/
  Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.

• Giambattista Vico

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/
  Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.

• Globalization

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/
  Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.

• Gottlob Frege

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege/
  Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.

• Harriet Taylor Mill

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/harriet-mill/
  Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.

• Hegel, G. W. F.

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/
  Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.

• Higher-order Theories of Consciousness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/
  Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.

• Hilbert's Program

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/
  In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.

• Historicist Theories of Rationality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationality-historicist/
  By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.

• Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/
  Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.

• Holes

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holes/
  Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.

• Holism and Nonseparability in Physics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-holism/
  Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.

• Homosexuality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/
  Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.

• Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
  Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.

• Identity Politics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/
  History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.

• Identity Theory of Truth

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-identity/
  When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.

• Immutability

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/immutability/
  The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.

• Impartiality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartiality/
  Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.

• Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/
  By Randolph Clarke.

• Inconsistent Mathematics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-inconsistent/
  By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.

• Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/
  By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.

• Infinitary Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-infinitary/
  Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.

• Informal Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/
  By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.

• Integrity

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/
  Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.

• Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-interpret/
  Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.

• Intertheory Relations in Physics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-interrelate/
  Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman.

• Intuitionistic Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/
  The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.

• Johann Georg Hamann

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hamann/
  Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.

• John Austin

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/
  Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.

• John Buridan

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/
  Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.

• John Duns Scotus

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/
  In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.

• John Locke

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
  Influential 17th century British political philosopher.

• Jonathan Edwards

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/
  Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.

• Justice as a Virtue

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-virtue/
  Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.

• Karl Leonhard Reinhold

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-reinhold/
  Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.

• Karl Popper

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/
  By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.

• Laws of Nature

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/
  Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.

• Legal Punishment

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/
  Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.

• Leibniz on the Problem of Evil

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-evil/
  By Michael J. Murray, Franklin and Marshall College.

• Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/
  By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.

• Liberalism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/
  Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism.

• Libertarianism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/
  Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.

• Logic and games

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-games/
  Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.

• Logical Constructions

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-construction/
  Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.

• Logical Form

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/
  Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.

• Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury]

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/
  Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.

• Mally's Deontic Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mally-deontic/
  Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.

• Many-Valued Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-manyvalued/
  Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.

• Maritain, Jacques

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maritain/
  By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.

• Max Stirner

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/max-stirner/
  Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.

• Measurement in Quantum Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-measurement/
  Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.

• Medieval Theories of Analogy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/
  By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.

• Medieval Theories of Conscience

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscience-medieval/
  The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.

• Medieval Theories of Modality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality-medieval/
  By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.

• Medieval Theories of Practical Reason

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practical-reason-med
  From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.

• Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-terms/
  The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.

• Medieval Theories of Relations

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/
  Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.

• Mental Imagery

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-imagery/
  By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.

• Mental Representation

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mental-representation/
  According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.

• Mereology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
  The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.

• Miracles

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/
  Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.

• Modal Fictionalism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictionalism-modal/
  Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan.

• Modal Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/
  Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.

• Moral Dilemmas

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-dilemmas/
  Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.

• Moral Particularism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-particularism/
  The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.

• Moral Responsibility

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/
  Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.

• Moral Skepticism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral/
  Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.

• Multiple Realizability

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/
  John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.

• Naturalism in Legal Philosophy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-naturalism/
  Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.

• Naturalized Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-naturalized/
  The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.

• Nicolas Malebranche

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebranche/
  Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.

• Nineteenth Century Geometry

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-19th/
  By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.

• Omnipotence

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/omnipotence/
  The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.

• On The Nature of Law

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/
  Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor.

• Ontological Arguments

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ontological-arguments/
  Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.

• Original Position

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/
  The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.

• Panpsychism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/
  The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; by William Seager.

• Paraconsistent Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/
  By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.

• Pascal's wager

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pascal-wager/
  An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.

• Paul Feyerabend

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feyerabend/
  Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.

• Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/
  Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.

• Peirce's Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/
  By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.

• Personal Autonomy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personal-autonomy/
  Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.

• Personal Identity

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/
  How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.

• Peter John Olivi

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/olivi/
  Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.

• Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-spain/
  Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.

• Philip the Chancellor

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-chancellor/
  Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.

• Philosophy and Christian Theology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/
  Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray.

• Philosophy for Children

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children/
  Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.

• Philosophy of Childhood

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/childhood/
  The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.

• Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys-statmech/
  By Lawrence Sklar.

• Physicalism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
  Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.

• Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/
  Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.

• Plotinus

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plotinus/
  Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.

• Principia Mathematica

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/
  Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.

• Prisoner's Dilemma

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prisoner-dilemma/
  By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.

• Privacy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/privacy/
  Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.

• Private Language

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/private-language/
  By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.

• Probabilistic Causation

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-probabilistic/
  "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.

• Process Philosophy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
  View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.

• Properties

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/
  Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.

• Propositional Attitude Reports

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prop-attitude-reports/
  Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.

• Public Justification

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justification-public/
  By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.

• Punishment

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/punishment/
  Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.

• Pyrrho

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/
  The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.

• Qualia

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/
  Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.

• Qualia: The Knowledge Argument

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia-knowledge/
  Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rümelin.

• Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/
  How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce.

• Quantum Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/
  Survey by Jenann Ismael.

• Realism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/
  Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.

• Reflective Equilibrium

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/
  The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.

• Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-Rpcc/
  By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.

• Relational Quantum Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/
  An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.

• Relative Identity

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-relative/
  The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch.

• Relevance Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-relevance/
  By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.

• René Descartes' Life and Works

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/
  Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.

• Representational Theories of Consciousness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-representational/
  By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.

• Revision Theory of Truth

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-revision/
  Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.

• Richard Rorty

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/
  Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.

• Richard the Sophister

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/
  Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.

• Robert Alyngton

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alyngton/
  Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.

• Robert Boyle

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
  Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary.

• Robert Desgabets

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desgabets/
  Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.

• Robert Holkot

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holkot/
  Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.

• Roman Ingarden

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ingarden/
  Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.

• Russell's Paradox

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell-paradox/
  By A. D. Irvine.

• Russell, Bertrand

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/
  By A. D. Irvine.

• Saadya [Saadiah]

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/
  Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.

• Saint Anselm

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
  By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.

• Saint Augustine

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/
  By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.

• Salomon Maimon

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimon/
  Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.

• Scientific Explanation

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation/
  Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.

• Scientific Realism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/
  The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.

• Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-18th/
  Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.

• Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-19th/
  Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham.

• Semantic Challenges to Realism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-sem-challenge/
  Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.

• Set Theory

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/
  Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.

• Singular Propositions

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-singular/
  Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.

• Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/
  Discusses the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino.

• Social Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/
  Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.

• Sorites Paradox

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sorites-paradox/
  By Dominic Hyde.

• Sovereignty

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/
  Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.

• Space and Time: Inertial Frames

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/
  Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.

• Species

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/
  Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky.

• Speusippus

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus/
  Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.

• Square of Opposition

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/square/
  By Terence Parsons.

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

  http://plato.stanford.edu/
  Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.

• Stoicism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/
  Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.

• Structured Propositions

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-structured/
  To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.

• Substructural Logics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-substructural/
  By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.

• Supertasks

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/
  Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.

• Søren Kierkegaard

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/
  Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.

• Teleological Notions in Biology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/
  By Colin Allen of Texas A&M.

• Temporal Logic

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-temporal/
  The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.

• The Analysis of Knowledge

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/
  Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.

• The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-self/
  History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.

• The Computational Theory of Mind

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/
  The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.

• The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/
  First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.

• The Correspondence Theory of Truth

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/
  The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David.

• The Definition of Morality

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-definition/
  Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.

• The Epistemology of Religion

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-epistemology/
  By Peter Forrest.

• The Epsilon Calculus

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epsilon-calculus/
  Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.

• The Experience and Perception of Time

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/
  By Robin Le Poidevin.

• The Free Rider Problem

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-rider/
  Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.

• The Hole Argument

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-holearg/
  The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.

• The Identity of Indiscernibles

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-indiscernible/
  Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other.

• The Identity Theory of Mind

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/
  Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.

• The Kochen-Specker Theorem

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kochen-specker/
  By Carsten Held.

• The Language of Thought Hypothesis

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language-thought/
  By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.

• The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/
  Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.

• The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-math/
  Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.

• The Medieval Problem of Universals

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universals-medieval/
  By Gyula Klima.

• The Modern History of Computing

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/
  Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.

• The Moral Status of Animals

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/
  Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.

• The Philosophy of Neuroscience

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neuroscience/
  By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.

• The Problem of Evil

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/
  Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.

• The St. Petersburg Paradox

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-stpetersburg/
  By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.

• The Turing Test

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/
  Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.

• The Unity of Consciousness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-unity/
  History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.

• Theological Voluntarism

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntarism-theological/
  Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy.

• Thomas Aquinas

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/
  Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.

• Thomas of Erfurt

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erfurt/
  Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.

• Thomas Reid

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reid/
  Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.

• Thought Experiments

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/thought-experiment/
  By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.

• Time Travel and Modern Physics

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/
  Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.

• Timon of Phlius

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/timon-phlius/
  Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.

• Tropes

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/tropes/
  An article describing tropes by John Bacon.

• Truthlikeness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlikeness/
  Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.

• Turing Machine

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/
  Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.

• Vagueness

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vagueness/
  By Roy Sorensen.

• Virtue Epistemology

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/
  By John Greco of Fordham.

• Voluntary Euthanasia

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/
  By Robert Young, La Trobe University.

• War

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/
  Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacifism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.

• Wilfrid Sellars

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sellars/
  By Jay F. Rosenberg.

• William Godwin

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/
  Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.

• William James

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/
  Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.

• William of Ockham

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
  Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade.

• William Penbygull

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/penbygull/
  Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.

• William Whewell

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whewell/
  Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.

• Zeno's Paradoxes

  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/
  Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.

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